Researchers develop the world’s smallest computer, smaller than a grain of rice

Michigan scientists have developed the world's smallest computer - a device that measures just 0.3 millimetres and could help find new ways to monitor and treat cancer. Other use cases of the new computer include oil reservoir monitoring, pressure sensing inside the eye for glaucoma diagnosis, tiny snail studies, and biochemical process monitoring.

Previous nano computers, including the 2x2x4 millimetre Michigan Micro Mote and IBM's, retain their programming and data even when they are not externally powered. Unplug a desktop computer, and its programme and data are still there when it boots itself up once the power is back. However, these new microdevices lose all prior programming and data as soon as they lose power.

"We are not sure if they should be called computers or not. It's more of a matter of opinion whether they have the minimum functionality required," said David Blaauw, a professor at the University of Michigan in the US, who led the development of the new system.

In addition to the RAM and photovoltaics, the new computing devices have processors and wireless transmitters and receivers. Since they are too small to have conventional radio antennae, they receive and transmit data with visible light. A base station provides light for power and programming, and it receives the data.

One of the big challenges in building the device such as Michigan Micro Mote was how to run at very low power when the system packaging had to be transparent. The light from the base station - and from the device's own transmission LED - can induce currents in its tiny circuits.

"We basically had to invent new ways of approaching circuit design that would be equally low power but could also tolerate light," Blaauw said.

For example, that meant exchanging diodes, which can act like tiny solar cells, for switched capacitors. Another challenge was achieving high accuracy while running on low power, which makes many of the usual electrical signals (like charge, current and voltage) noisier.

Designed as a precision temperature sensor, the new device converts temperatures into time intervals, defined with electronic pulses. The intervals are measured on-chip against a steady time interval sent by the base station and then converted into a temperature.

As a result, the computer can report temperatures in minuscule regions - such as a cluster of cells - with an error of about 0.1 degrees Celsius.

The system is very flexible and could be reimagined for a variety of purposes, but the team chose precision temperature measurement, as some studies suggest that tumors run hotter than normal tissue, but the data isn't solid enough for confidence on the issue. Temperature may also help in evaluating cancer treatments.

"Since the temperature sensor is small and biocompatible, we can implant it into a mouse and cancer cells grow around it," said Gary Luker, a professor at University of Michigan. "We are using this temperature sensor to investigate variations in temperature within a tumor versus normal tissue and if we can use changes in temperature to determine success or failure of therapy," Luker said.

Researchers look forward to what purposes others will find for their latest microcomputing device. ALSO READ: IBM unveils world's smallest computer