Li Zhanguo's two children, aged eight and four, don't have their own smartphones, but like millions of other Chinese children, they are no strangers to online gaming.
“If my children get their hands on our mobile phones or an iPad, and if we don't closely monitor their screen time, they can play online games for as long as three to four hours each time,” he said.
Not anymore.
Like many other parents, Li is happy with new restrictions imposed on online game companies that took effect early this month. They limit children to just three hours weekly of online games time – an hour between 8 PM and 9 PM on Friday, Saturday and Sunday most weeks.
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The restrictions are a tightening of rules set in 2019 that banned children from gaming overnight and limited them to 90 minutes game time most weekdays.
The 90-minute restrictions, however, did not allay authorities' concerns over addiction to online gaming.
Experts say it's unclear if such policies can help prevent addiction to online games, since children might just get engrossed in social media. Ultimately, it's up to parents to nurture good habits and set screen time limits.
The new rules are part of a campaign to prevent kids from spending too much time on entertainment the communist authorities consider unhealthy. That also includes what officials call the “irrational fan culture" of worshipping celebrities.
The restrictions reflect growing concern over gaming addiction among children. One state media outlet has called online games “spiritual opium,” in an allusion to past eras when addiction to the drug was widespread in China.
“Adolescents are the future of the motherland, and protecting the physical and mental health of minors is related to the vital interests of masses, and in cultivating newcomers in the era of national rejuvenation,” the Press and Publications Administration said in a statement issued along with the new rules, alluding to a campaign by Chinese President Xi Jinping to cultivate a healthier society for a more powerful China.
Government reports estimated in 2018 that one in 10 Chinese minors were addicted to the internet. Centers have sprung up to diagnose and treat such problems among children.
The responsibility of ensuring that children play only three hours a day falls largely on Chinese gaming companies like NetEase and Tencent, whose wildly popular Honor of Kings mobile game is played by tens of millions across the country.
Companies like Tencent have set up real-name registration systems to prevent young users from exceeding their game time limits, and have incorporated facial recognition checks that require users to verify their identities.
The companies say they can limit access to users who are underage using the real-name registrations. In some cases, sporadic checks will also be conducted during gameplay with the use of facial recognition, and users will be booted out of the game if they fail such checks, they say.
Regulators ordered gaming companies to enforce the new regulations and tighten examination of their games to ensure they don't include harmful content such as violence.
Chinese regulators have also set up a platform that allows the public to report on gaming companies they believe are violating restrictions on online game times for children. It enables holders of Chinese ID cards to report violations and furnish proof, effectively giving the public the power to police gaming firms such as Tencent and NetEase.
It's unclear what penalties companies may face if they fail to strictly enforce the regulations.
Even if such blanket policies are enforced it is also unclear whether they can prevent online addiction, given that game companies design their products to entice players to stay online and come back for more, said Barry Ip, a senior lecturer at University of Hertfordshire who has done research on gaming and addiction.
And children may just switch to short-video and other apps if they are forced to stop playing games.
“There are many forms of digital platforms that could potentially hold a young person's attention just as well as gaming,” said Ip. “It's just as easy for a young person to spend four hours on TikTok in the evening rather than play games if their time is uncontrolled.”
Short-video apps such as Douyin, the Chinese version of TikTok, are extremely popular in China and are not subject to the same restrictions as games, though they do have “youth mode” features enabling parents to limit what children watch and for how long.
The onus is on parents to enforce this mode on their children's devices.
Tao Ran, director of the Adolescent Psychological Development Base in Beijing, which specializes in treating internet addiction, expects about 20% of kids will find workarounds for the rules.
“Some minors are too smart, if you have a system in place to restrict them from gaming they will try to beat the system by borrowing accounts of their older relatives and find a way around facial recognition,” said Tao.
The new rules, he said, are a “last resort."
Online games are only one of many potential distractions, said Liu Yanbin, mother of a 9-year-old daughter in Shanghai.
“Many parents attribute their children's suffering grades to gaming, but I disagree with this sentiment,” said Liu Yanbin. “As long as children don't want to study, they will find some way to play. Games may be restricted now but there's always short video, social media, even television dramas.”
Instead of relying on the government to intervene, parents need to take responsibility for limiting time spent on games, social media or the internet, experts say.
“The focus should be made on prevention, for example, informing parents about how games function, so that they are in a better position to regulate the involvement of their children,” said Joël Billieux, a psychology professor at the University of Lausanne.
Li, the father of two young children, said he plans to arrange piano lessons for his daughter, since she has shown an interest in learning the instrument.
“Sometimes due to work, parents may not have time to pay attention to their children and that's why many kids turn to games to spend time,” he said. “Parents must be willing to help children cultivate hobbies and interests so that they can develop in a healthy manner.”
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