Physicists describe how certain sort of aurora on Mars forms

Researchers at the University of Iowa have discovered how a sort of aurora on Mars forms, according to a recent study. The researchers discovered separate auroras formed by the interaction of the solar wind and the crust of Mars' southern hemisphere.

The findings of the research were published in the 'Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics'.

In a new study, the physicists studied discrete aurora, a light-in-the-sky display that occurs mostly during the night in the red planet's southern hemisphere.

While scientists have known about discrete aurora on Mars-which also occurs on Earth -- they did not know how they formed. That's because Mars does not have a global magnetic field like Earth, which is the main trigger for aurora, also called the northern and southern lights on our planet.

Instead, the physicists report, discrete aurora on Mars are governed by the interaction between the solar wind -- the constant jet of charged particles from the sun -- and magnetic fields generated by the crust at southern latitudes on Mars. It's the nature of this localized interaction between the solar wind and the crustal magnetic fields that lead to discrete aurora, the scientists found.

"We have the first detailed study looking at how solar wind conditions affect aurora on Mars," said Zachary Girazian, an associate research scientist in the Department of Physics and Astronomy and the study's corresponding author.

"Our main finding is that inside the strong crustal field region, the aurora occurrence rate depends mostly on the orientation of the solar wind magnetic field, while outside the strong crustal field region, the occurrence rate depends mostly on the solar wind dynamic pressure."

The findings come from more than 200 observations of discrete aurora on Mars by the NASA-led Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) spacecraft. One of the instruments used to make the observations, the Solar Wind Ion Analyzer, is led by Jasper Halekas, associate professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy and a co-author of the study."Now is a very fruitful and exciting time for researching aurora at Mars.

The database of discrete aurora observations we have from MAVEN is the first of its kind, allowing us to understand basic features of the aurora for the first time," Girazian said.